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Signs and Symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophny and Becker Muscular Dystrophy Among Carriers in the Netherlands: A Cohort Study Lancet 353:2116-2119, Hoogerwaard,E.M.,et al, 1999 See this aricle in Pubmed Article Abstract 129 carriers of muscular dystrophy (85DMD, 44 BMD) participated in the study. In 90 women from 52 (70%) families, 37 different mutations were found. 28 (22%) women had symptoms. 22 (17%) had muscle weakness, varying from mild to moderate ly severe. Muscle weakness was found in carriers of DMD and BMD, but dilated cardiomyopathy was found only in seven (8%) carriers of DMD, of whom one had concomitant muscle weakness. There was an unexpectedly high proportion of left-ventricle dilation ( 18%). No genotype-phenotype correlation was found. Clinical manifestation of muscle weakness, dilated cardiomyopathy, or both can be found in about a fifth of carriers of DMD and BMD. If left-ventricle dilation is taken into account, the proportion of carriers with symptoms is even higher, amounting to 40%.

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